Fertilizer yog ib qho tseem ceeb cov tswv yim los xyuas kom meej lub teb chaws zaub mov kev ruaj ntseg thiab zoo ntawm cov khoom ua liaj ua teb. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv tshuaj chiv ntau dhau hauv Suav teb tau ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, lub teb chaws ua liaj ua teb department tau txuas nrog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev siv technology ntawm kev txo cov chiv thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tam sim no, dab tsi yog cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb ntawm kev txo cov chiv chiv thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas lub teb chaws txhawb nqa? Cov qauv kev ua haujlwm twg tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv? Niaj hnub no, Zhou Wei, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Agricultural Resources thiab Agricultural Zoning ntawm Suav Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Ua Liaj Ua Teb, piav qhia nws qhov kev tsis txaus siab nrog rau cov chiv "973 Plan" nws lub luag haujlwm.
1, NE system muab cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa los txo kev tsim kho thiab nce kev ua haujlwm
Tam sim no, Tuam Tshoj cov chiv tau siv ntau dhau, nrog kev siv txhua xyoo ntawm 60 lab tons, suav txog 35 feem pua ntawm ntiaj teb cov chiv tag nrho. Tus nqi ntawm cov chiv siv rau ib chav tsev ntawm thaj av cultivated yog peb npaug ntawm lub ntiaj teb nruab nrab thiab ob zaug ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asmeskas.
Tuam Tshoj muaj cov neeg coob coob thiab cov av tsawg, uas txiav txim siab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm nrog cov tswv yim thiab cov khoom siv siab. Txhawm rau ua kom paub tseeb ntawm ntau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev noj qab haus huv cov qoob loo siab, cov chiv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig, peb yuav tsum tshawb nrhiav thiab tsim cov thev naus laus zis tseem ceeb rau kev txo cov chiv chiv thiab nce kev ua tau zoo raws li Tuam Tshoj lub teb chaws.
Lub koom haum ntawm Resources Planning, Suav Academy ntawm Agricultural Sciences tau tsim ib tug pom zoo fertilization txoj kev rau mov, hom qoob mog thiab pob kws raws li yield teb thiab agronomic efficiency. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm summarizing kaum tawm txhiab tus zoo fertilizer teb thwmsim tau ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo dhau los, txoj kev no tsim ib tug assortment database, kawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov av yooj yim nutrient mov yam ntxwv, agronomic efficiency thiab yield teb, nrog rau cov kev Cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo ntawm kev nqus thiab kev siv nrog universal guiding tseem ceeb, thiab tsim kom muaj kev pom zoo fertilization system raws li cov lus teb tawm los thiab agronomic efficiency, uas yog NE (Nutrient Expert) system. NE system tau ua tiav cov lus pom zoo fertilization los ntawm kev nkag siab txog qib tawm los thiab keeb kwm fertilization ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv 3-5 xyoo dhau los. Nws tau daws cov teeb meem xws li cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis muaj qhov ntsuas av thiab cov teeb meem hauv kev pom zoo nitrogen, thiab tau siv dav hauv thaj chaw cog qoob loo loj.
2, Kev txhawb nqa tseem ceeb ntawm rau lub tswv yim tseem ceeb
1. Sib npaug fertilization thev naus laus zis Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov qoob loo sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj yog 800 - 900 kg / mu, thiab qhov pom zoo fertilization tus nqi ntawm N-P2O5-K2O yog 12 - 14 kg, 4 kg thiab 5 kg raws li (abbreviated li 12 - 14-4-5, tib yam tom qab); Lub hom phiaj tawm los ntawm lub caij ntuj no nplej hauv North Tuam Tshoj yog 500 ~ 600 kg / mu, thiab qhov pom zoo fertilization tus nqi yog 14 ~ 15-8-6; Lub hom phiaj tawm los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov pob kws nyob rau sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj yog 600 ~ 700 kg / mu, thiab qhov pom zoo fertilization tus nqi yog 16 ~ 18-5-6; Lub hom phiaj tawm los ntawm lub caij ntuj no nplej nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab qis dua ntawm tus dej Yangtze yog 300 ~ 500 kg / mu, thiab qhov pom zoo fertilization tus nqi yog 10 ~ 12-5-6.5; Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov qoob loo qoob loo nyob rau nruab nrab thiab qis dua ntawm tus Dej Yangtze yog 600 - 800 kg/mu, thiab qhov pom zoo fertilization tus nqi yog 11 - 14-4 - 5-6 - 8; Lub hom phiaj tawm los ntawm cov nplej thaum ntxov hauv nruab nrab thiab qis dua ntawm tus dej Yangtze yog 450 ~ 550 kg / mu, qhov pom zoo fertilization tus nqi yog 10-6-10, thiab lub hom phiaj tawm los ntawm lig nplej yog 550 ~ 650 kg / mu, tus nqi fertilization pom zoo yog 12-5-12.
2. Organic chiv hloov tshuab Raws li qhov pom zoo ntawm cov as-ham, nws raug nquahu kom siv 30 feem pua cov organic chiv nitrogen, 70 feem pua tshuaj chiv nitrogen, 100 ~ 150 kg / mu coj mus muag organic chiv, los yog 1000 ~ 1500 kg / mu tsiaj txhu manure rau Northeast caij nplooj ntoos hlav pob kws; North Tuam Tshoj lub caij ntuj no nplej organic chiv nitrogen 30 feem pua, tshuaj chiv nitrogen 70 feem pua, coj mus muag organic chiv 150 ~ 200 kg/mu, los yog tsiaj txhu manure 1500 ~ 2000 kg/mu; North Tuam Tshoj lub caij ntuj sov pob kws organic chiv nitrogen 30 feem pua, tshuaj chiv nitrogen 70 feem pua, coj mus muag organic chiv 150 ~ 200 kg/mu, los yog tsiaj txhu manure 1500 ~ 2000 kg / mu; Hauv nruab nrab thiab qis dua ntawm tus Dej Yangtze, cov organic chiv nitrogen ntawm lub caij ntuj no nplej yog 30 feem pua, cov tshuaj chiv nitrogen yog 70 feem pua, cov organic chiv yog 100-150 kg/mu, los yog cov tsiaj txhu quav yog { {22}} kg/mu; Hauv nruab nrab thiab qis dua ntawm tus Dej Yangtze, cov organic chiv nitrogen ntawm ib qho qoob loo yog 20 feem pua, cov tshuaj chiv nitrogen yog 80 feem pua, cov organic chiv yog 100-150 kg / mu, los yog cov tsiaj txhu quav yog 1000-1500 kg/mu; Hauv nruab nrab thiab qis dua ntawm tus Dej Yangtze, cov organic chiv nitrogen ntawm cov nplej thaum ntxov thiab lig nplej yog 20 feem pua, cov tshuaj chiv nitrogen yog 80 feem pua, cov organic chiv yog 100-150 kg/mu, los yog tsiaj txhu quav yog {{ 30}kg/m².
3. Straw rov qab siv tshuab: Nws pom zoo kom cov pob kws straw rov qab mus rau hauv lub teb los ntawm crushing nyob rau hauv Northeast Tuam Tshoj, nrog ib tug faus qhov tob ntawm 20 ~ 30cm, thiab ib tug nitrogen fertilizer puag topdressing piv ntawm 2: 1; Cov pob kws straw nyob rau sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj raug crushed thiab xa rov qab mus rau lub teb, faus 10-20 cm, thiab qhov ratio ntawm nitrogen chiv puag rau topdressing yog 7:3; Cov nplej straw nyob rau hauv North Tuam Tshoj tau crushed thiab xa rov qab mus rau lub teb, faus 10-20 cm, thiab qhov ratio ntawm nitrogen chiv rau topdressing yog 7:3; Cov nplej straw ntawm cov nplej sib hloov nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab qis dua ntawm tus dej Yangtze tau crushed thiab rov qab mus rau lub teb, faus 10-20 cm, thiab qhov ratio ntawm nitrogen chiv rau topdressing yog 7:3; Cov nplej straw tau crushed thiab rov qab mus rau lub teb, faus 10-20 cm, thiab qhov ratio ntawm nitrogen chiv rau topdressing yog 6: 4; Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab qis dua ntawm tus dej Yangtze, ob lub qoob loo qoob loo tau xa rov qab mus rau tom teb tom qab tau crushed thiab faus rau 20 ~ 30cm, thiab qhov piv ntawm nitrogen chiv hauv paus rau topdressing yog 4: 6.
4. Tus tshiab chiv tshuab txais ib-lub sij hawm fertilization tshuab combining qeeb tswj tso chiv thiab ceev acting fertilizer. Nws tau pom zoo tias cov pob kws nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj yuav tsum tau siv nrog 30 feem pua qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv (90d) thiab 70 feem pua ntawm urea ua chiv hauv ib zaug; North Tuam Tshoj lub caij ntuj no nplej tau siv nrog 40 feem pua qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv (90d) thiab 60 feem pua urea ua chiv hauv ib zaug; North Tuam Tshoj lub caij ntuj sov pob kws tau siv nrog 40 feem pua qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm nitrogen chiv (60d) thiab 60 feem pua urea ua chiv chiv ib zaug; Lub caij ntuj no cov nplej nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab qis qis ntawm tus dej yangtze tau siv nrog 40 feem pua qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv (90d) thiab 60 feem pua ntawm urea raws li cov chiv chiv ib zaug; Ib qho kev cog qoob loo nyob rau nruab nrab thiab qis qis ntawm tus Dej Yangtze tau siv nrog 40 feem pua qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv (90d) thiab 60 feem pua ntawm urea ua chiv hauv ib lub sij hawm; Ob qho nplej thaum ntxov thiab lig nplej nyob rau nruab nrab thiab qis qis ntawm tus Dej Yangtze tau siv nrog 50 feem pua qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv (90d) thiab 50 feem pua urea ua chiv ib zaug. Ntxiv nrog rau cov chiv tso tawm qeeb, cov chiv dej soluble, cov chiv ua kua, cov chiv chiv, chiv chiv, chiv chiv, av txias thiab lwm yam chiv tshiab yuav tsum tau xaiv raws li cov xwm txheej hauv zos.
5. Kev siv tshuab sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov tshuab siv chiv qhia tias qhov chaw fertilization ntawm qaum teb sab hnub tuaj pob kws yuav tsum yog 13 cm hauv qab cov noob, uas yog, 15 ~ 18 cm hauv qab av; Lub fertilization point ntawm lub caij ntuj no nplej nyob rau hauv North Tuam Tshoj yog 5-7cm qis dua cov noob, piv txwv li 10cm hauv qab av; Qhov chaw fertilization ntawm North Tuam Tshoj lub caij ntuj sov pob kws yog 5-7cm hauv qab cov noob, piv txwv li 10cm hauv qab av; Hauv nruab nrab thiab qis dua ntawm tus Dej Yangtze, lub caij ntuj no nplej tau siv 5 cm ntawm ib sab ntawm cov yub thiab 10 cm hauv qab av; Lub fertilization point ntawm ib tug qoob loo qoob loo nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab qis nce mus txog ntawm tus dej Yangtze yog 5 cm los yog cia li hauv qab ntawm ib sab ntawm cov yub, uas yog, 12 cm hauv qab av; Lub fertilization taw tes rau cov nplej thaum ntxov thiab lig nplej nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab qis nce mus txog ntawm tus Dej Yangtze yog 5 cm los yog ncaj qha rau hauv qab ntawm cov yub, uas yog, 12 cm hauv qab av. Yog tias tsis muaj tej yam kev mob tshwm sim, chiv sib sib zog nqus daim ntawv thov machinery, topdressing machinery, thiab chiv cog machinery yuav raug xaiv raws li hauv zos tej yam kev mob.
6. Kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm cov dej thiab cov chiv ua ke nrog cov dej txuag dej kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los txhawb cov drip irrigation thiab fertilization, sprinkler irrigation thiab fertilization thiab lwm yam thev naus laus zis, txhawb kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov dej thiab chiv, thiab txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv chiv thiab dej siv. .
3, Xaiv hom kev ua haujlwm raws li cov xwm txheej hauv zos hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm fertilization nyob rau hauv Northeast Tuam Tshoj yog tswj nitrogen, txo phosphorus, stabilize poov tshuaj, thiab ntxiv zinc, boron, hlau, molybdenum thiab lwm yam kab kawm. Cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb yog muab cov subsoiling thiab av npaj nrog kev txuag tillage, nce straw rov qab thiab nce cov organic chiv; Kev sib hloov ntawm cov taum thiab pob kws yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsim nyog, thiab rhizobia yuav tsum tau nrov nyob rau hauv taum, txiv laum huab xeeb thiab lwm yam qoob loo; Hauv cov cheeb tsam arid, thev naus laus zis ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab qeeb tso tawm chiv thiab dej chiv kev koom ua ke yuav tsum tau nrov rau pob kws. Cov organic chiv nitrogen ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav pob kws nyob rau sab qaum teb Tuam Tshoj yuav tsum ncav cuag 20 feem pua ~ 30 feem pua, uas yuav txo tau daim ntawv thov ntawm tshuaj chiv nitrogen los ntawm 20 feem pua ~ 30 feem pua, thiab txo cov kev siv tshuaj chiv phosphorus los ntawm 35 feem pua ~ 50 feem pua; Qhov piv ntawm nitrogen hauv paus hnav khaub ncaws rau straw rov qab yog 2: 1; Nws raug nquahu kom siv cov chiv qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm nrog 90 hnub tso tawm lub sijhawm ntawm 3: 7 thiab ua haujlwm sai nitrogen chiv, thiab ntxiv kom txo tau nitrogen thiab phosphorus daim ntawv thov los ntawm 10 feem pua los ntawm kev sib txuas cov ntaub ntawv sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov tshuaj chiv machinery nrog sowing; Ua ntej sib koom ua ke, 30 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov chiv nitrogen yuav tsum tau topapplied, thiab qhov chaw saum toj kawg nkaus yuav tsum yog 10-15cm deb ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab 8-10cm tob.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm fertilization nyob rau hauv North Tuam Tshoj yog txo nitrogen, tswj phosphorus, stabilize poov tshuaj, thiab ntxiv sulfur, zinc, hlau, manganese, boron thiab lwm yam kab kawm. Cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb yog lub sijhawm sib sib zog nqus tillage, sib sib zog nqus loosening thiab kev txuag tillage, rov qab cov nplej thiab pob kws stalks mus rau lub teb, txhawb cov mis chiv, ua kom cov organic chiv, txhawb kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov noob pob kws thiab chiv tib lub sij hawm, mechanical sab saum toj hnav khaub ncaws ntawm paj rwb, them nyiaj rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov dej thiab cov chiv rau cov nplej, thiab txhawb kev siv tshuab ntawm nitrogen chiv rov qab hloov pauv; Cov zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau kev sib xyaw ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic chiv kom tswj tau cov nitrogen thiab phosphorus chiv zoo; Hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, straw thiab txias yuav tsum tau siv los txhim kho cov av saline, thiab dej chiv kev koom ua ke yuav tsum tau txhawb nqa; Siv cov txiv qaub thiab lwm yam txias kom txhim kho cov av acidified thiab txhim kho orchard ntsuab manure. Cov organic nitrogen ntawm lub caij ntuj no nplej tuaj yeem ncav cuag 20% ~ 30 feem pua, uas tuaj yeem txo cov kev siv tshuaj chiv nitrogen los ntawm 20% ~ 30 feem pua, thiab txo cov kev siv tshuaj chiv phosphorus los ntawm 35% ~ 50 feem pua; Pob kws straw tau crushed thiab rov qab mus rau lub teb, sib sib zog nqus tillage thiab sib sib zog nqus rotation, zoo av npaj, thiab qhov ratio ntawm nitrogen chiv rau topdressing yog 7: 3; qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv nrog 90 hnub tso tawm lub sijhawm thiab muaj nitrogen chiv nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 4: 6 tau pom zoo; Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov tshuaj chiv mechanization thiab sib sib zog nqus daim ntawv thov los yog txheej fertilization saum toj thiab hauv qab no cog yuav ntxiv txo daim ntawv thov ntawm nitrogen thiab phosphorus los ntawm 10 feem pua; Lub caij ntuj sov pob kws yog maj mam siv nrog yub chiv thiab hnyav siv nrog trumpet zoo li chiv. 70 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov chiv nitrogen thiab tag nrho cov phosphorus, poov tshuaj thiab zinc chiv yog siv rau tib lub sijhawm sowing yub nrog straw rov qab mus rau lub teb, thiab 30 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov nitrogen yog siv rau ntawm lub loj trumpet zoo li theem nrog pob ntseg chiv, yog li ntawd. raws li kev txhawb nqa pob ntseg kom loj thiab cov nplej kom puv, txhim kho lub peev xwm photosynthetic ntawm nplooj, ncua lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm pob ntseg thiab nplooj, thiab ua kom cov nplej hnyav. Sim kom ncav cuag 20 feem pua ~ 30 feem pua ntawm cov organic nitrogen, txo cov chiv nitrogen los ntawm 20 feem pua ~ 30 feem pua, thiab txo cov chiv phosphorus los ntawm 35 feem pua ~ 50 feem pua; Qhov piv ntawm lub hauv paus rau topdressing ntawm nitrogen chiv tom qab straw rov qab mus rau lub teb mus txog 7: 3; Nws raug nquahu kom siv qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv thiab muaj nitrogen chiv nrog lub sijhawm tso tawm ntawm 90 hnub ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm 6: 4.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm fertilization nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab qis ncav cuag ntawm tus dej Yangtze yog txo nitrogen, tswj phosphorus, stabilize poov tshuaj, thiab siv sulfur, zinc, boron thiab lwm yam nruab nrab thiab kab kawm chiv. Cov kev ntsuas tseem ceeb yog txhawb nqa straw rov qab thev naus laus zis, txhawb cov chiv chiv, nce cov organic chiv, rov tsim thiab tsim cov chiv ntsuab hauv lub caij ntuj no, thiab txhawb cov chiv ntsuab hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab tshuaj yej vaj; Alkaline conditioners xws li calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, txiv qaub thiab calcium silicate tau siv los txhim kho cov av acidified, thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm dej thiab chiv tau nrov rau kev lag luam horticultural qoob loo. Cov organic nitrogen ntawm lub caij ntuj no nplej yuav tsum ncav cuag 20% ~ 30 feem pua, cov chiv nitrogen tuaj yeem txo los ntawm 20% ~ 30 feem pua, thiab cov chiv phosphorus tuaj yeem txo los ntawm 35% ~ 50 feem pua; Qhov piv ntawm nitrogen hauv paus hnav khaub ncaws rau straw rov qab yog 7: 3; qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv nrog 90 hnub tso tawm lub sijhawm thiab muaj nitrogen chiv nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 4: 6 tau pom zoo; Ua ke nrog kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov tshuaj chiv tshuab thaum lub sij hawm sowing, nitrogen thiab phosphorus tuaj yeem txo qis ntxiv los ntawm 10 feem pua; Cov organic nitrogen ntawm ib qho qoob loo cog qoob loo yuav tsum ncav cuag 20% ~ 30 feem pua, cov tshuaj chiv nitrogen tuaj yeem txo tau los ntawm 20% ~ 30 feem pua, thiab cov tshuaj chiv phosphorus tuaj yeem txo los ntawm 35% ~ 50 feem pua; Cov nitrogen chiv hauv paus topdressing yog 7: 3 qis dua straw rov qab; Nws raug nquahu kom siv qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv nrog 90 hnub tso tawm lub sijhawm thiab nrawm nrawm nitrogen chiv ntawm qhov sib piv ntawm 4: 6. Thaum transplanting seedlings, sib sib zog nqus daim ntawv thov ntawm tshuaj chiv machinery yuav txo tau nitrogen thiab phosphorus daim ntawv thov los ntawm 10 feem pua; Cov organic nitrogen ntawm ob lub qoob loo cog qoob loo yuav tsum ncav cuag 20% ~ 30 feem pua, cov tshuaj chiv nitrogen tuaj yeem txo los ntawm 20% ~ 30 feem pua, thiab cov tshuaj chiv phosphorus tuaj yeem txo los ntawm 35% ~ 50 feem pua; Cov nitrogen chiv hauv paus topdressing yog 6: 4 qis dua straw rov qab; Nws raug nquahu kom siv qeeb thiab tswj kev tso tawm chiv nrog 90 hnub tso tawm lub sijhawm thiab muaj nitrogen chiv nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 5: 5; Thaum transplanting seedlings, ua ke nrog sib sib zog nqus daim ntawv thov ntawm tshuaj chiv machinery, nitrogen thiab phosphorus yuav txo tau ntxiv los ntawm 10 feem pua.